Non-Humans
Non-Humans are creatures in the Touhou Project universe that are not human. While Youkai fall under this category, non-humans in this case refers to species other then Youkai who also inhabit Gensokyo. These creatures normally do not need to live off of fear and instead originate from different origins.

Non-Human Types
There are many types of non-humans with extremely varied powers, and different groups entirely as their entirely different species, though these species normally share the same set of standard abilities and weaknesses as the following:
Abilities
- Regeneration
- Non-Standard Defenses (Reimu realized that only the Yin-Yang Orb was effective against non-human creatures[2], with it being noted that Reimu using her ofuda, her spirit power, and her martial arts all prove to be useless against her enemies[3], meaning Youkai cannot really be harmed by regular or standard weaponry. It's noted that one cannot defeat spirits or devilish powers without a weapon with an unnatural amount of spiritual power such as the Yin-Yang Orb[4]. In the world beyond (Gensokyo), physical form has no meaning for all non-human entities[5])
- Acausality
- For Their Physiology
- Magic (Magic exists outside of the Grand Unified Theory[7], a theory with any model that merges electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces into a single force at high energies, unifying gravity with the electronuclear interaction, providing a more comprehensive theory of everything. Yumemi explains that on her world, all power can be explained by the Grand Unified Theory, however she posits an existence of a power not covered by the Theory: the power of magic[8]. Yumemi also explains that in the world of Gensokyo, magic unifies everything[9]. Magic is noted by Yumemi to have close ties with religion[10])
- Transferal (Magic users can transfer their magic into a tool, having the tool change depending on the user[11])
- Transmutation
- Acausality
- For their Magic
- Irregular Causality
- Unknown: Magical power exists outside of the Grand Unified Theory[12], a theory with any model that merges electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces into a single force at high energies, unifying gravity with the electronuclear interaction, providing a more comprehensive theory of everything. It's further explained that magic is a force that cannot be explained by the Grand Unified Theory, with Yumemi even proposing a "Non-Unified Magic World" theory[13]. Yumemi explains that on her world, all power can be explained by the Grand Unified Theory, however she posits an existence of a power not covered by the Theory: the power of magic[14]. Magic does not exist in Yumemi's world, which is a Probability World, a different world, but in the same dimension[15].
- Irregular Causality
- For their Magic
- Holy Manipulation (Magic is noted by Yumemi to have close ties with religion[16])
- Transferal (Magic users can transfer their magic into a tool, having the tool change depending on the user[11])
- Spirit Manipulation (The bombs used are referred to as spiritual attacks[17], being directly called spiritual attacks[18])
- Explosion Manipulation (When bomb users are cornered from attacks they cannot repel with regular attacks they can release a massive spirit explosive that destroys all objects on screen[19], along with killing all enemies on screen[20])
- Magnetism Manipulation (When using a bomb[21], all items on screen will be attracted towards the user[22])
- Perception Manipulation (When using a bomb the screen flashes white and an image of the bomb user can be seen[23])
- Logic Manipulation (The Great Hakurei Barrier is a boundary of common sense, which things with high spiritual power in the cause to waver[24])
- Nullification & Erasure
- Projectile Nullification & Physical Erasure: Bomb users can use a bomb to nullify & erase all projectiles on screen[25]. This makes the enemy incapable of[26] shooting out any further projectiles until the bomb's duration is done[27].
- Invulnerability
- Resistance to
- Observation & Subjective Reality (Once a youkai/non-human enters Gensokyo or if a youkai/non-human is a native, they are liberated from the spell of human imagination and obtain true freedom, being able to develop their own characteristics, though the observations of the humans from within Gensokyo can have some effect on them to a degree[29])
- Probability Manipulation (Yumemi explains that on her world, all power can be explained by the Grand Unified Theory, however she posits an existence of a power not covered by the Theory: the power of magic[30]. Magic does not exist in Yumemi's world, which is a Probability World, a different world, but in the same dimension[31])
- Madness Manipulation (Unaffected from the affects of the Lunarian Full Moon, a hypnosis that drove the humans who came to the Moon insane[32], further being noted by Reisen that the moon drives people insane[33])
- Disease Manipulation (Non-Humans within Gensokyo do not have much demand for medicine for physical illnesses as they are comprised mostly of spirit, thus they are always fit and robust with no diseases[1])
- Matter Manipulation & Physics Manipulation (Gensokyo is a brane world dominated by particles with different properties, not following the standard physics of the real world[34], with the grand unified theory being the reason for all pheneomna in the human world, which does not apply to Gensokyo[35])
- Gravity Manipulation (Noted by Maribel that in the world of Gensokyo, they the gravitons likely have a different structure and the world's properties are likely different too, likening it to being one of the brane worlds[36])
Weaknesses
- Nothing notable.
Fairies
A fairy (妖精 yōsei) is a small, simple, humanoid creature of magic that embodies some aspect of nature. Many fairies are also simple-minded in nature. They tend to have short lifespans, though they regenerate immediately upon dying.
A fairy may possess abilities connected to natural phenomena. The power wielded by an individual fairy is typically harmless and limited in scale, making them more suited to playing than to harming people or causing incidents. Fortunately for them, most fairies are easily entertained by pulling pranks on unsuspecting humans. However, because fairies tend to gather in areas frequented by both humans and youkai, a large concentration of fairies may signal the presence of a powerful youkai nearby.
Within the games themselves, fairies are by far the most common standard stage enemies in the Touhou Project. Their danmaku patterns vary depending on the difficulty level selected and the stage in which they appear. They come in various colors of dresses and hair, and occasionally appear larger than usual, as seen with sunflower fairies. Basic fairies in the games typically rank as the weakest type of stage enemies, below chief fairies, big fairies, and sunflower fairies in terms of threat level.
Alignment
Chaotic Neutral
Fairies like to sneak away with food that humans are planning to eat[37]. Fairies like to play pranks on humans: such as making a human lose their way if they catch sight of them walking somewhere, if a human is cleaning, they'll raise the wind to send all the gathered dust flying, when a human isn't looking, they'll put salt in a human's tea, etcetera[38]. Without thinking of the consequences, they disturb the actions of whomever thye see, their pranks can sometimes go too far, such as a human being pushed off a cliff, or having their back set on fire[38].
Abilities
- Small Size (Fairies come in various shapes, but many of them are humanoid with wings like those of insects like butterflies and dragonflies[37]. Their height is uniformly small, from the degree where they can fit in the palm of one's hand up to the size of achild below ten years of age[37])
- Abstract Existence (Fairies true identity is that of the natural phenomena themselves[37]. Fairies are the embodiments of the pure lifeforce possessed by nature[39])
- Self-Sustenance
- Resurrection (While a fairies life is short-lived, they immediately resurrect in the same shape[37])
- Regeneration
- Immortality
- Spatial Manipulation (Fairies while playing pranks on humans will make them lose their way while they're trying to walk somewhere[38])
- Air Manipulation (When a human is cleaning, fairies will raise the wind to send all the gathered dust flying[38])
- Life-Force Manipulation & Plant Manipulation (Fairies are the embodiments of the pure lifeforce possessed by nature, when they live within plants, they can cause them to demonstrate miraculous growth[41])
Weaknesses
- As fairies concept of death appears to differ from humans, it can also be said that they are simply foolish[37].
- Fairies numbers will decrease if they live in gloomy places[37].
- Fairies will not go near cautious people, thus they will stay away from anyone paying attention[42].
- Fairies are much weaker then a grown human[42].
Ghost
In standard Japanese usage, the terms ghost (亡霊 bōrei) and phantom (幽霊 yūrei) are largely interchangeable, though within the Touhou series they represent distinct entities.
Ghosts are the after-forms of humans who died and became phantoms, yet possess lingering attachments that bind them too strongly to the world. Since no living things other than humans die in this manner, ghosts of non-human beings do not exist. The strength of their attachment preserves the form they held while alive, along with their body temperature, and they remain capable of touching living humans. To an outsider, such ghosts might be indistinguishable from living people. Unlike phantoms, they cannot pass through solid objects.
Generally, a ghost's weakness lies in its own dead body. For ghosts who became such without realizing they had died, encountering proof in the form of their corpse causes them to revert to ordinary phantoms. Ghosts already aware of their death do not share this weakness, though they commonly hide their bodies to prevent memorial services from being performed that would allow them to achieve nirvana. The likelihood of this occurring has diminished in modern times due to the increased prevalence of cremation.
Since attachment drives a ghost's continued existence, their mere presence often exerts a negative influence on living humans nearby, potentially leading to death over time. This effect proves particularly strong against the source of their attachment—such as someone against whom the ghost holds a grudge—though it can affect anyone regardless.
Alignment
Varies
Ghosts are the souls of the dead of humans, thus it ranges on the ghost in question for how they are[43].
Abilities
- Disguise Mastery (As ghosts keep their appearances from their past life, they are often mistaken for humans[43]. It's even noted that as they live alongside humans, they can't be discerned as ghosts by the untrained eye, where ghosts with grudes take the form of humans and deceive the living[44])
- Incorporeality (Ghost do not have bodies of flesh and do not have physical bodies, thus making them incorporeal[43])
- Intangibility
- Non-Standard Interaction
- Non-Standard Defenses (As ghosts lack physical bodies, even if they can touch objects, they cannot be injured[43])
- Sheer Will (Ghosts are the souls of the dead who don't realize they have died or whose unwillingness to recognize death is too strong, thus they are unable to achieve nirvana[43])
- Emotion Manipulation (Ghosts can easily influence the human heart with just their voices[43])
- Calamity Manipulation & Death Manipulation (Even if the ghosts doesn't have ill will, if one is touched by one of the dead, they will be beckoned by death[44])
Weaknesses
- Ghosts have no chance of reincarnation as they remain in the realms of the living or cross over to the Netherworld or to Hell[43].
- Until a ghost accomplishes their objective or their body is ceremoniously buried, they won't achieve nirvana[43].
- A ghost's weak point is their original body, if the corpse is buried during a ceremony, they will achieve nirvana and dissapear[43].
- Youkai and Ghost are weak to sunlight[45].
Phantoms
In standard Japanese usage, the terms ghost (亡霊 bōrei) and phantom (幽霊 yūrei) are largely interchangeable, though within the Touhou series they represent distinct entities.
Phantoms are not limited to human origins but can arise from any living or nonliving thing that harbors a particular kind of spirit (気 ki). Due to their shapeless forms, it is impossible to determine what type of being they originally were.
Alignment
Varies
Phantoms are the spirits of animals or plants, thus some may not have an alignment at all while others may have varied alignments[46].
Abilities
- Immortality
- Incorporeality (Phantoms have no physical body nor specific form, being similar to air[46])
- Intangibility
- Non-Standard Defenses (Phantoms have no physical bodies, thus physical attacks have no effect on them[46])
- Abstract Existence (Phantoms are the embodiments of spirits[46])
- Transformation
- Shapeshifting: Phantoms can change their shape at will[46].
- Possession (Phantoms are able to possess people, with this being used as a possibility of correcting one's personality[47])
- Abstract Manipulation (Phantoms are able to convert what they see, hear, touch or taste into thoughts, being referred to as "sense converters"[46])
- Temperature Manipulation (Phantoms body temperatures are very low, causing a chill where improper handling may even result in frostbite[46]. Further noted that due to their low temperature, sustained contact may cause frostbite[48])
- Mind Manipulation (Phantoms most threatening feature is the ability to affect the minds of people around it, if one is surrounded by cheerful phantoms, they'll eventually feel pleasant, for gloomy phantoms, vice versa[48]. The places famous for suicides are often the places inhabited by gloomy phantoms[48]. If one comes across a powerful phantom, they might even lose their mind if they don't have enough mental fortitude[48]. Coming across places where phantoms gather may result in one's mind being shattered[47])
Weaknesses
Poltergeists
Poltergeists are not stricly Phantoms but closely resemble phantoms and typically announce their presence by creating disorder. They are described as "phantoms" capable of producing noise, reflected in the term sōrei (noise spirit). Poltergeists can manipulate objects remotely and manifest themselves visibly, audibly, and physically in the material world, an ability not all spiritual beings are assumed to possess.
The sounds poltergeists produce are actually phantoms of musical notes rather than physical sounds. Because of this, spirits lacking bodies or physical ears can still "enjoy" music made by poltergeists.
Poltergeists appear skilled at discovering and causing the type of disturbance that generates maximum commotion in any given situation. This talent for disruption may explain how the Prismriver Sisters became famous as the Phantom Ensemble, creating music that resonates powerfully with audiences.
Although ghosts and poltergeists are often regarded as the same species, ZUN states they are distinct. This is likely because poltergeists in Touhou—particularly the Prismriver Sisters—are not spirits of the dead but constructs formed through Layla Prismriver's power.
Alignment
Varies
Poltergeist are spawned from constructs manifesting themselves into the world, thus it varies on the poltegreist.
Abilities
- Invisibility (If one attempts to find a poltergeist, they will not see them and instead hear their sounds[49])
- Immortality
- Sound Manipulation (Poltergeist are spirits which are able to make sounds, where the noises poltergeists make are actually the noises of phantoms, allowing for beings without bodies to hear them[49])
- Emotion Manipulation (The sounds the poltergeist make calms the spirit, where people who are overly influenced by the sounds will lose all motivation and become depressed[49])
- Spirit Manipulation (It's noted that poltergeist contain many notes that have great effects on the spirit, so one should not attend unlelss one is in perfect mental condition[51])
Weaknesses
- Nothing notable.
Gods
Gods in the Touhou Project encompass a wide range of concepts including spirits, natural forces, and superhuman beings. The term corresponds most closely to the Shinto concept of kami (神), though Shinto encompasses a broader spectrum of beings than those found in monotheistic traditions or even many polytheistic religions. As Shinto is fundamentally animist, any being—living or dead, object, or natural phenomenon—can be considered a god. When referring to Shinto gods or other deities from polytheistic religions, the word "god" is typically not capitalized.
Like the deities of ancient Greece and Rome, Shinto gods dwell among humans and directly influence their daily lives. Their personalities largely resemble those of humans, though they possess dual aspects known as ara and nigi (荒・和). When properly worshipped, they protect people and bestow blessings (ご利益 gorieki); when angered, they bring about disasters and curses (祟 tatari). In some cases, these aspects differ so dramatically in appearance and behavior that they are named or worshipped as separate entities. Shrines (神社 jinja) serve as places for gods to occupy and interact with humans, ranging in size from small household shelves to expansive compounds.
Most gods appearing in the Touhou Project derive from or are based on Shinto tradition. However, Buddhist figures such as Bishamonten appear, and Okina Matara draws directly from the Buddhist deity Matara-Jin. Other religious traditions may also be represented; Seiga Kaku makes a dismissive reference to Jesus Christ.
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Shinto Gods Shinto gods in the Touhou series are "born" from faith and draw their power from it. This "birth" can also refer to ascension to godhood, as in the case of Mizue no Uranoshimako, a human who became a god after death. Because they originate from human belief, gods share certain similarities with youkai—so much so that some youkai argue the two are practically identical. However, significant differences exist, and they are generally considered distinct species. Unlike youkai, gods do not typically arise from fear and do not attack humans by default. Instead, they seek faith, usually in the form of worship. Faith from both humans and youkai is equally valid. Kanako describes it in Reimu's Mountain of Faith A ending as reverence toward existence, fear of retribution for one's actions, and the will to enrich life, spirit, and body—though it need not be so serious. Worship can be as simple as celebrating alongside a god. Shinto gods can split their spirits and manifest wherever called upon, allowing them to serve worshippers in multiple locations simultaneously. This division does not diminish their power; each split portion retains the same power as the original. Certain individuals, such as Watatsuki no Yorihime and mikos like Reimu and Sanae, can directly invite gods to inhabit their bodies. Most gods interact with the physical world exclusively through such possessions. Some gods possess physical bodies that allow independent action without being invoked, such as Kanako and Suwako, though this does not prevent them from splitting their spirits or being summoned through normal means. Shinto gods are well-recognized in Gensokyo and among the denizens of the Lunar Capital. According to Kanako, many Lunarians are actually original gods from relevant mythology, including Sagume Kishin, Lord Tsukuyomi, and his sister. However, in the Outside World, faith has shifted toward concepts such as friendship and news. Consequently, like youkai, certain gods such as Kanako and Suwako struggle to survive as their faith dwindles. Presumably, more prominent Shinto deities like Amaterasu retain sufficient faith in the outside world, as nothing indicates their existence faces imminent threat; the god Ame-no-Torifune even has a space station dedicated to him. For a god, loss of faith means loss of ability to manifest power. Losing all power is equivalent to death, with the exception of arahitogami (living gods), who would continue existing as ordinary humans. Buddhist Gods As in historical practice where Buddhist and Shinto gods were effectively viewed as part of a single system due to honji suijaku doctrine, Buddhist gods in Touhou function similarly to their Shinto counterparts. Bishamonten, being extremely busy, uses Shou Toramaru as an avatar (gongen) for the temples Shou serves or has served, including Byakuren Hijiri's former temple and the current Myouren Temple. Okina Matara is based on Matara-jin (摩多羅神), a deity historically venerated primarily by the Tendai Buddhist sect. Like many medieval Japanese gods, Matara-jin was neither purely Buddhist nor purely Shinto, arising instead from syncretic traditions combining elements from multiple religions. |
Alignment
True Neutral
Gods merely wish to keep faith from humans as it is what empowers them and how they exist.
Abilities
- Immortality
- Life and Death Immunity: Gods are compared to AI in that they are never tired, aged, or die[52].
- Acausality
- Incorporeality (It is noted that with all gods, the form they adopt is mostly meaningless and they can take whatever form they wish due to this[54])
- Transformation
- Shapeshifting: Gods can take whatever form they wish[54].
- Possession (Gods can dwell within anything: objects, phenomena, words, and such[55])
- Duplication (Gods are able to duplicate no matter how many parts they split into, each has the same amount of power as the original, thus if there was somewhere for all of them to stay, they could multiply infinitely and due to this they can inhabit different objects and bodies[56])
- Creation
- Universal Creation (Shinki claiming that[58] she created all of Makai, down to her creations[59] is something seen as only capable of a God[60])
- Linguistic Manipulation (The power to name is the creation to produce objects from nothingness, the same power as a god's, giving names to things and thus defining them[62])
Weaknesses
- Even if a god created an area, the denizens aren't required to listen to them[63].
- When gods are named, their powers are restricted and they lose the ability to exist within anything, becoming almost the same as youkai[64]
- Gods rely on faith in order to exist and retain power and if they are without faith, they get reduced to essentially the same as youkai[64].
Note
- Any translations from en.tohouwiki.net are considered fine to use as they all fall under Project Translations, a fan translation team that have translation guuidelines and rulesets, along with moderators that directly overlook and proofread English translations to check for machine translations.
- Yumemi's statements can be taken with credibility, not only do the science from her world surpass the main one by 500 years[65] where she notes the science of the main world is much more primitive then hers[66], but her world has already fully proven the existence of Grand Unified Theory and Yumemi herself notes that her theory was proven right by seeing magic.
- Despite Gensou Narratograph being directly noted to be an "unofficial Touhou tabletop RPG", ZUN has directly participated in the RPG and noted the way Reimu acts during his session is how canon Reimu would act[67], thus character actions done by him and mechanics are fine to use.
- Even if characters have not showcased using a bomb, they should all be able to use bombs, as bombs are realistically just spiritual attacks[17] and to even be able to fight the non-human entities, requires a weapon with an unnatural amount of spiritual power such as the Yin-Yang Orb[68], meaning everyone that is non-human or is fighting non-humans is using spiritual energy.
Explanations
Canoncity of Touhou Project
The Touhou Project franchise canoncity mainly falls under any media worked on by ZUN are official and canon to the overall lineup.
There are various aspects constantly debated about within the canon:
PC-98
Media like PC-98, has been noted by ZUN to be ignored as one can ignore derivative works[69]. He has also said that anything prior to Embodiment of Scarlet Devil can for the most part be ignored and one can think fo Embodiment of Scarlet Devil as the starting from a clean slate and starting a new series[70], he's also referred to Highly Responsive to Prayers as a study product[71]. With this in mind, one would assume that PC-98 is thus non-canon to the Windows continuity of games.
However, ZUN has also directly stated PC-98 games are the same world as the Windows Games, stating that any contradictions that exist from PC-98 can be ignored from the retcon in Windows Era[72]. While one argues ZUN noting the works are derivative works to be ignored and Embodiment of the Scarlet Devil should be seen as the starting point, these statements are moreso telling a fan to not worry about having to play PC-98 games or learn more about their stories.
It's also been noted in Embodiment of Scarlet Devil's おまけ.txt that the game chronologically is not too far from the previous title, which would be Mystic Square, the PC-98 title[73]. ZUN has also directly brought back characters from PC-98 games, noting he wanted to bring back characters from before Embodiment of Scarlet Devil and notes any of the other older characters that don't appear have probably retired by now and are warmly watching over things from various places nowadays[74]. When asked where Mima from PC-98 has gone, ZUN notes that he doesn't bring them back due to making things complicated and having potentially angry fans ask where she has been the entire time, he has also noted that there's not much use for characters like Genji as Reimu can fly now and also notes he is not dead[75]. ZUN has also made mention to Genji probably living in the lake in the back of the shrine[76]. In Touhou Sangetsusei ~ Strange and Bright Nature Deity, Reimu and Marisa were talking about glowing moss with Reimu saying it would be nice to transfer it to the pond in the back of the Hakurei Shrine and Marisa saying that she could make it grow there on the turtles' back, referencing Genji[77].
In Touhou 07 Perfect Cherry Blossom, when Alice meets Reimu, she tells her long time no see, noting that they've met before calling her "old friend"[78]. In Yuuka's mode in Touhou Project - Phantasmagoria of Flower View, Reimu directly references defeating Yuuka back in PC-98[79]. If Yuuka defeats Marisa in the same game, she will note that Marisa has grown up quite a bit, when the last time she's seen her has been in PC-98[80].
Seeing as ZUN himself has directly said both PC-98 and Windows are in the same world and that characters directly acknowledged PC-98 events and reference characters from it, PC-98 is completely canon and any contradictions PC-98 have can be ignored.
Side Games Time Placements
Touhou 7.5 - Immaterial and Missing Power takes place between Perfect Cherry Blossom and Imperishable Night[81].
Multiple Playable Routes
In the series, there are multiple playable character routes, including some where the characters fight Reimu herself and defeat her, calling question into what route is canon. ZUN has elaborated that canonically, anytime Reimu and the gang are defeated, they challenge again however many times they want, but on the youkai side, they do not challenge again after being defeated and are not attached to the results of winning or losing[82].
In terms of how playable routes have went, some examples of canonically noted routes:
- In Reimu's profile on Perfect Memento in Strict Sense, it's noted that Reimu resolved the Scarlet Devil Mansion Incident alone[83].
- Reimu is also acknowledged to have resolved the Spring Snow Incident in Perfect Cherry Blossom, though it is not noted if she did this alone[84].
- Reimu claims she solved the Eternal Night incident, however if one asks her about the cause or the perpetrator, she'll only respond with ambiguous answers, it is also not noted if she did this alone[85].
With some of these examples, it is normally assumed that in some way Reimu has some part in resolving every incident and other routes are dubiously canon depending on what transpired.
Spell Card Rules
There are many cases of weaker humans beating stronger Yokai or vice versa within the Touhou series, this has been elaborated on in Reimu's profile on Perfect Memento in Strict Sense. Reimu introduced the spell card rules as the youkai had no way to defeat the Hakurei shrine maiden, making many youkai feel that their meaning to exist have dissapeared[86]. The rules incoporate the following:
- Spell cards are techniques specially-named by the individual, and they must be declared upon use.
- The number of each party's spell cards must be determined in advance of a duel.
- The first party to have all of their spell cards beaten must admit defeat.
- The victor is entitled only to what was agreed upon before the duel. If they're not interested in what their opponent has to offer, they can refuse a duel.
- Winners should generally allow losers a rematch.
- Always prepare for the unexpected.
The original draft held these rules[87]:
- Combatants will give names and meanings to the duel for the benefit of beauty.
- Combatants will declare the number of named duels before beginning.
- Combatants may not repeat attacks by relying on stamina.
- Combatants may not deliver attacks that do not have meaning. The meaning itself becomes the attack's power.
- In the case that a combatant loses a named duel, that combatant will admit defeat, even if he or she has strength remaining. No combatant may kill a human, even upon victory.
- Combatants will write the duel's name on paper in the format of a contract. By doing so, the above-mentioned rules become absolute. These papers will be called spell cards.
These rules allows for duels that feel almost like sport rather then a match, and have allowed for weaker fighters to challenge stronger ones, due to this though, it also has become possible for youkai to freely defeat Reimu without worrying about the consequences.
Due to them being written into cards and essentially affecting the ability and power of an attack, the spell cards are likely the thing binding attacks to specific properties.
Parallel Worlds
Parallel Worlds is a topic brought up at some points in the Touhou Project franchise, they are worlds called "Probability Worlds" by Yumemi, stating that those and parallel worlds are one and the same[88]. This essentially means that parallel worlds in Touhou are based on the concept of probability. Yumemi and Chiyuri use a "Probability Space Hypervessel" in order to travel to alternate worlds and time periods[89], further showcasing that probabiliy serves an importance.
Magical vs. Physical Strength
There[90] are[91] multiple[92] occasions[93] of[94] characters[95] commenting[96] on[97] humans like[98] Reimu[99] being strong[100]. Despite this Reimu showcases physical strength that isn't superhuman, such as the fact that she cannot cut a bamboo stick while Fujiwara direclty does in front of her.
This is due to the difference between magical and physical strength.
In works like Symposium of Post-mysticism, Yuugi Hoshiguma's profile has Suika directly state that Yuugi is weaker then her in magical powers, but stronger than her physically[101], lining a clear difference between magical and physical strength.
While one can be physically stronger then another, such as how Onis are physically the strongest, magic users are still able to keep up with them due to using a different form of attack.
An example can be found with Yuugi herself, when Reimu fights against her in Subterranean Animism[102], with her acknolwedging her strength[103], something Yuugi only does to those who are truly strong[101]. This establishes even with spellcard rules, Yuugi considers Reimu a strong fighter. Reimu herself is very clearly not at an oni's physical strength, as she cannot do the things they can, however, her magical strength allows her to keep up with them.
To defend against magical based properties requires Non-Standard Defenses as it is acknowledged as not being something of standard physicality.
The Three Layers of Reality
In Chapter 27 of Curiosities of Lotus Asia, Reimu proceeds to explain how reality works to Rinnosuke and Marisa, where she explains in-depth the three layers of reality.
This conversation started from discussing the mechanism of fortune, where Rinnosuke attempted to posit that the future is predetermined and that Reimu's luck was her being able to calculate in an instant the predetermined future, however Reimu had a different explanation requiring her to lecture on the mechanisms of probability[104], in her explanation, the world is made up of three layers: the physical layer that moves in accuracy with the laws of physics, the second layer that moves with the spirit, and the third layer of memory which is the recollection of events that lies within all things[6]. The memory layer rejects the loop of the physical and mental layers, the two layers the youkai conceive of the world which is why they believe history repeats itself and the future is predetermined. Since it's only possible to add to the memory layer, it's possible to completely recreate the past.
While the physical layer follows the laws of physics, the mental layer interprets the outcomes and the memory layer alters the probability, essentially creating the future, since it's impossible for memories to raech the same state as a point in the past, the future is not predetermined, thus when Reimu is able to predict how the dice will fall, she's not predicting the fall of the dice, the dice members the fact that she predicted how the dice would fall, thus due to this, Reimu entering the memory of the die-face greatly skews the results in Reimu's favor, where the results side with Reimu[105].
Thus the memory layer is essentially the most important layer that rejects the notion of loops from the previous two layers.
References
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