Gamma Ray Burst

Two neutron stars begin to merge in this artist’s concept, blasting jets of high-speed particles. Collision events like this one create short gamma-ray bursts. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/ A. Simonnet, Sonoma State University

Background

In gamma-ray astronomy, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are immensely energetic explosions that have been observed in distant galaxies, being the brightest and most extreme explosive events in the entire universe, as NASA describes the bursts as the "most powerful class of explosions in the universe". They are the most energetic and luminous electromagnetic events since the Big Bang. Gamma-ray bursts can last from ten milliseconds to several hours. After the initial flash of gamma rays, an "afterglow" is emitted, which is longer lived and usually emitted at longer wavelengths (X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, microwave and radio).

The intense radiation of most observed GRBs is thought to be released during a supernova or superluminous supernova as a high-mass star implodes to form a neutron star or a black hole. A subclass of GRBs appears to originate from the merger of binary neutron stars.

The sources of most GRBs are billions of light years away from Earth, implying that the explosions are both extremely energetic (a typical burst releases as much energy in a few seconds as the Sun will in its entire 10-billion-year lifetime) and extremely rare (a few per galaxy per million years). All observed GRBs have originated from outside the Milky Way galaxy, although a related class of phenomena, soft gamma repeaters, are associated with magnetars within the Milky Way. It has been hypothesized that a gamma-ray burst in the Milky Way, pointing directly towards the Earth, could cause a mass extinction event. The Late Ordovician mass extinction has been hypothesised by some researchers to have occurred as a result of such a gamma-ray burst. Gamma-ray bursts could vaporize anything within its jets at a distance up to 200 light years.

GRBs were first detected in 1967 by the Vela satellites, which had been designed to detect covert nuclear weapons tests; after thorough analysis, this was published in 1973. Following their discovery, hundreds of theoretical models were proposed to explain these bursts, such as collisions between comets and neutron stars. Little information was available to verify these models until the 1997 detection of the first X-ray and optical afterglows and direct measurement of their redshifts using optical spectroscopy, and thus their distances and energy outputs. These discoveries, and subsequent studies of the galaxies and supernovae associated with the bursts, clarified the distance and luminosity of GRBs, definitively placing them in distant galaxies.

General Information

Name: Gamma Ray Burst

Specific Ones: GRB 080916C (A Gamma Ray Burst that is recorded as the most extreme gamma ray blast yet)

Origin: The Real World

Appearance: Mainly caught from telescopes, seen from billions of lightyears away from Earth

Classification: Most powerful class of explosions in the universe

Environment: Outer Space

Result: Massive explosion recorded as the most powerful class of explosions in the universe

Codex Statistics

Tiering System: Varies, normally 4-B

Attack Potency: Varies (Gamma Ray Burst are massive bursts of energy, though each one varies in power, with there still being gamma ray burst recorded more powerful then the typical one, though all are noted to be the most powerful events in the known universe), normally Solar System level (The total energy of typical gamma-ray bursts have been estimated at 3 x 10⁴⁴ Joules. Gamma Ray Bursts erupt with a quintillion times the luminosity of our Sun, which has a radiated energy of 10²⁶ joules/sec resulting in 1e44 joules)

Attack Speed: Relativistic+ (Gamma Ray Bursts result from jets of particles accelerated to around 99.9% the speed of light, being noted to be accelerated to near the speed of light in official Nasa sources), Speed of Light for the gamma raidiation (As they are bursts of gamma rays, an electromagnetic radiation described in terms of astream of photons that are massless particles each traveling in a wave-line pattern and moving at the speed of light)

Range: Varies, Up to Multi-Supercluster (Some Gamma Ray Bursts have a burst distance of 7.5 billion lightyears)

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Powers and Techniques

Explosion Manipulation, Light Manipulation, & Energy Manipulation (Gamma Ray Bursts are a powerful outbursts of the highest-energy light being a quintillion times the luminosity of our Sun, they are so), Radiation Manipulation (As they are bursts of gamma rays, an electromagnetic radiation described in terms of astream of photons that are massless particles each traveling in a wave-line pattern and moving at the speed of light)