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Reference for Common Feats
Throughout fiction and real life, there have been numerous feats demonstrating a certain character's or objects destructive power. This page's purpose is to consolidate calculations for those feats for better convenience in determining an object's or character's Attack Potency or Durability. Please note, these calculations are typically low-ends or averages and may not be a one-size-fits-all due to outliers.
Impact Feats
If not slammed into a wall
When being hit by a car, the linear momentum of the car+person system needs to remain the same. Linear momentum is m*v
The values vary based on the vehicle and the speed of course.
For example, assuming the human is 70 kg, the car is 1500 kg and that the car's speed is 11.176 m/s:
FinalSpeed = (MassCar*InitialSpeed):(MassPerson+MassCar)
Using the values above this is 10.677707006369426751592356687898 m/s.
KE of the person is 3990.4699419854760842224836707371 Joules
Peak Human level
Getting Hit by a Car
25 mph or 11.176 m/s (Average suburb speed): ((1500*11.176)/(70+1500))^2*70*0.5 = 3990.47 J or 3.99047 kilojoule (Peak Human level)
45 mph or 20.1168 m/s (Daily City travel speed): ((1500*20.1168)/(70+1500))^2*70*0.5 = 12,929.12 J or 12.929 kilojoules (Bone level)
60 mph or 26.8224 m/s (Traditional interstate travel speed): ((1500*26.8224)/(70+1500))^2*70*0.5 = 22,985.1069 J or 22.985 kilojoules (Wall level)
70 mph or 31.2928 m/s (Highway speed limit): ((1500*31.2928 m/s)/(70+1500))^2*70*0.5 = 31,285.284 J or 31.285 kilojoules (Wall level)
Getting hit by a Pickup Truck
The average pickup trucks can weigh over 4082.3 kg.
25 mph or 11.176 m/s (Average suburb speed) = ((4082.3*11.176)/(70+4082.3))^2*70*0.5 = 4225.45244 joules, or 4.225 Kilojoules - Peak Human level
45 mph or 20.1168 m/s (Daily City travel speed) = ((4082.3*20.1168)/(70+4082.3))^2*70*0.5 = 13690.4659045 joules, or 13.69 Kilojoules - Bone level
60 mph or 26.8224 m/s (Traditional interstate travel speed) = ((4082.3*26.8224)/(70+4082.3))^2*70*0.5 = 24338.6060524 joules, or 24.33 kilojoules - Wall level
70 mph or 31.2928 m/s (Highway speed limit) = ((4082.3*31.2928)/(70+4082.3))^2*70*0.5 = 33127.5471269 joules, or 31.127 kilojoules - Wall level
Getting Hit by a Bus
The average "traditional-sized" school bus weighs in at 10,659.421 kg.
25 mph or 11.176 m/s (Average suburb speed) = ((10659.421*11.176)/(70+10659.421))^2*70*0.5 = 4314.74851771 J or 4.314 kilojoules (Peak Human level)
45 mph or 20.1168 m/s (Daily City travel speed) = ((10659.421*20.1168)/(70+10659.421))^2*70*0.5 = 13979.7851974 J or 13.98 kilojoules (Essentially Wall level through rounding up)
60 mph or 26.8224 m/s (Traditional interstate travel speed) = ((10659.421*26.8224)/(70+10659.421))^2*70*0.5 = 24852.951462 J or 24.852 kilojoules (Wall level)
70 mph or 31.2928 m/s (Highway speed limit) = ((10659.421*31.2928)/(70+10659.421))^2*70*0.5 = 33827.63 J or 33.827 kilojoules (Wall level)
Getting hit by a Semi Truck
The average semi-truck can weigh in excess of 36,287 kg.
25 mph or 11.176 m/s (Average suburb speed) = ((36287*11.176)/(70+36287))^2*70*0.5 = 4354.787 joules, or 4.354 kilojoules - Peak Human level
45 mph or 20.1168 m/s (Daily City travel speed) = ((36287*20.1168)/(70+1500))^2*70*0.5 = 14109.50864 joules, or 14.109 kilojoules - Wall level
60 mph or 26.8224 m/s (Traditional interstate travel speed) = ((36287*26.8224)/(70+36287))^2*70*0.5 = 25083.5709154 joules, or 25.083 kilojoules - Wall level
70 mph or 31.2928 m/s (Highway speed limit) = ((36287*31.2928)/(70+36287))^2*70*0.5 = 34141.5270794 joules, or 34.141 kilojoules - Wall level
If slammed into a wall
However, it should be noted that the above calculations assume that the person is sent flying by the car. In some odd cases in fiction, the car stops and the character tanks the attack. Or in some cases, a character is slammed into a wall by a car. In these cases, the entire KE of the car scales to the character's durability.
KE = 1/2*mass*velocity^2 (Where mass is in kilograms and velocity is in meters per second)
Getting Hit by a Car
0.5*1500*11.176^2 = 9.3677232e4 Joules - Wall level
This value assumes that this is an average-sized car weighing in at 1500 kg and travelling at 25 mph/11.176 m/s.
45 mph or 20.1168 m/s (Daily City travel speed) = 0.5(1500) * 20.1168^2 = 303,514.23168 joules, or 303.5 Kilojoules - Wall level
60 mph or 26.8224 m/s (Traditional interstate travel speed) = 0.5(1500) * 26.8224^2 = 539,580.85632 joules, or 539.5 Kilojoules - Wall level
70 mph or 31.2928 m/s (Highway speed limit) = 0.5(1500) * 31.2928^2 = 734,429.49888 joules, or 734 Kilojoules - Wall level
Here are some values for other vehicle types and the like.
Getting hit by a Pickup Truck
The average pickup trucks can weigh over 4082.3 kg.
25 mph or 11.176 m/s (Average suburb speed) = 0.5(4,082.3) * 11.176^2 = 254,945.709462 joules, or 255 Kilojoules - Wall level
45 mph or 20.1168 m/s (Daily City travel speed) = 0.5(4,082.3) * 20.1168^2 = 826,024.098658 joules, or 826 Kilojoules - Wall level
60 mph or 26.8224 m/s (Traditional interstate travel speed) = 0.5(4,082.3) * 26.8224^2 = 1,468,487.2865 joules, or 1.5 Megajoules - Wall level
70 mph or 31.2928 m/s (Highway speed limit) = 0.5(4,082.3) * 31.2928^2 = 1,998,774.362185216 joules, or 2 Megajoules - Wall level
Getting Hit by a Bus
The average "traditional-sized" school bus weighs in at 10,659.421 kg.
25 mph or 11.176 m/s (Average suburb speed) = 0.5(10,659.421) * 11.176^2 = 665,696.702668 joules, or 666 Kilojoules - Wall level
45 mph or 20.1168 m/s (Daily City travel speed) = 0.5(10,659.421) * 20.1168^2 = 2,156,857.31665 joules, or 2.15 Megajoules - Wall level
60 mph or 26.8224 m/s (Traditional interstate travel speed) = 0.5(10,659.421) * 26.8224^2 = 3,834,413.00737 joules, or 4 Megajoules - Wall level
70 mph or 31.2928 m/s (Highway speed limit) = 0.5(10,659.421) * 31.2928^2 = 5,219,062.14892063232 joules, or 5.22 Megajoules - Wall level
Getting hit by a Semi Truck
The average semi-truck can weigh in excess of 36,287 kg.
25 mph or 11.176 m/s (Average suburb speed) = 0.5(36,287) * 11.176^2 = 2,266,177.145056 joules, or 2.27. Megajoules - Wall level
45 mph or 20.1168 m/s (Daily City travel speed) = 0.5(36,287) * 20.1168^2 = 7,342,413.94998144 joules, or 7.34 Megajoules - Wall level
60 mph or 26.8224 m/s (Traditional interstate travel speed) = 0.5(36,287) * 26.8224^2 = 13,055,127.03695416 joules, or 13 Megajoules - Wall level
70 mph or 31.2928 m/s (Highway speed limit) = 0.5(36,287) * 31.2928^2 = 17,766,828.81723904 joules, or 17.77 Megajoules - Wall level
Getting hit by cannonballs
Using the standardized values, a cannonball weights 32 lb (14.514 kg) and has a speed in between 1250 feet per second (381 m/s), 1450 ft/s (441.96 m/s) and 1700 ft/s (518.16 m/s).
The formula for kinetic energy is as follows
KE = 0.5 * m * v^2, where mass = kg and v = m/s
Putting the values into this KE calculator, we get the following:
6 lbs (2.72155 kg)
Low end (381 m/s) = 197.531 kilojoule, 9-B, (Wall level)
Mid end (441.96 m/s) = 217.7 kilojoule, 9-B (Wall level)
High end (518.16 m/s) = 265.8 kilojoule, 9-B (Wall level)
12 lbs (5.44311 kg)
Low-end (381 m/s) = 395 kilojoule, 9-B (Wall level)
Mid-end (441.96 m/s) = 531.6 kilojoule, 9-B (Wall level)
High-end (518.16 m/s) = 730.71 kilojoule, 9-B (Wall level)
18 lbs (8.164663 kg)
Low-end (381 m/s) = 592.6 kilojoule, 9-B (Wall level)
Mid-end (441.96 m/s) = 797.4 kilojoule, 9-B (Wall level)
High-end (518.16 m/s) = 1.09606 megajoule, 9-B (Wall level)
24 lbs (10.88622 kg)
Low-end (381 m/s) = 790 kilojoule, 9-B (Wall level)
Mid-end (441.96 m/s) = 1.0632 megajoule, 9-B (Wall level)
High-end (518.16 m/s) = 1.46 megajoule, 9-B (Wall level)
32 lbs (14.515 kg)
Low-end (381 m/s) = 1.05 megajoules, 9-B (Wall level)
Mid-end (441.96 m/s) = 1.41 megajoules, 9-B (Wall level)
High-end (518.16 m/s) = 1.94 megajoules, 9-B (Wall level)
42 lbs (19.0509 kg)
Low-end (381 m/s) = 1.38 megajoule, 9-B (Wall level)
Mid-end (441.96 m/s) = 1.86 megajoule, 9-B (Wall level)
High-end (518.16 m/s) = 2.56 megajoule, 9-B (Wall level)
Bone Breaking Feats
Breaking all the Bones of a Man's Body
On average, the weight of a man's bones is 15% of their body mass, which in of itself is 88.768027 Kilograms. 15% of that is 13.31520405 Kilograms.
The density of bone is 3.88 g/cm^3, which would mean that the total volume would be 13.31520405 divided by 0.00388, which equals 3431.75362113402 cm^3 for our volume.
The toughness value for a bone is 2.85 j/cc.
Formula is: ((Total Volume(V¹) * (Percentage reduction(V²)) * Fracture Toughness(F)
Percentage reduction assumed to be 70% if not shown or stated otherwise
((3431.75362113402 cc) * (70%)) * (2.85 j/cc) = 6.8463484741623699e3 Joules, Peak Human level
Breaking a Human neck
Breaking a Neck It is noted that it takes 15 psi to break a human neck.
Using this conversion, it is 2.9285667750000002e3 Joules or Peak Human level.
Snapping a Neck It is noted to break snap a human neck takes 1,000 to 1,250 foot-pounds of torque.
Using 1,125 foot-pounds of torque as a middle ground.
This conversion site gives 1525.295 joules or Peak Human level.
Breaking a Bone
The durability of a bone depends on the angle of attack.
A bone of a deceased 52-year old woman only required 375 Joules of energy when the force was applied within five degrees of the orientation of the collagen fibers. But the force increased exponentially when they applied it at anything over 50 degrees away from that orientation, up to 9920 Joules when they applied a nearly perpendicular force.
So breaking a bone would require 375-9920 Joules, depending on the angle of attack. That's Peak Human level to Bone level.
For a middle ground, the value will be accepted as 5,147.5 Joules, Peak Human level.
Weather Feats
Tornado Feats
Entire blog here regarding tornado feats.
Earth Feats
Destroying the Surface of the Earth
Earth's circumference = 40075 km
Explosion radius = 20037.50 km
Y = ((x/0.28)^3)
Y is in kilotons, x is radius in kilometers.
Y = ((20037.50/0.28)^3) = 366485260009765.63 Kilotons of TNT, or 366.49 Petatons of TNT, Multi-Continent level.
Only 50% of the total energy of the explosion is actually from the blast, so we need to halve the result. This part can be ignored if the explosion was an actual nuclear explosion.
366485260009765.63/2 = 183242630004882.82 Kilotons of TNT, or 183.24 Petatons of TNT, Multi-Continent level.
Shaking the Earth
Now, we need to use the Impact Calculator. The circumference of the Earth is 40070 km; plugging in 2000km due to the fact that's the maximum, and playing with other values, we find that an impact that is IV on the Mercalli scale and 3.0 in the Richter magnitude releases an impact energy of around 2.76e+13 joules. We need the seismic energy here, however; and, to get that, we need to divide this value by 10,000.
2.76e+13 J/ 10,000 = 2760000000j
The radius of the Earth is 6563 km or 6563000 meters.
Seismic energy * area = E
4m*pi*(6563000m^2)= 82,473,90.3420392520961213 m^2
82473090.3420392520961213m^2 * 2760000000j = 2.2762572934402834e17 J or Metropolis level.
The Earth's Rotational Energy
(Picture) The formula of the rotational energy is K = 1/2* Ι*ω^2
The moment of inertia of a sphere is 2/5mR^2
The Earth's angular velocity is 7.3*10^-5 rad/s
Earth's Mass = 5.97e24 kg
Earth's radius = 6372000 m
Κ = 1/2*Ι*ω^2 = 1/5 * m*R^2 *ω^2 = 2.58e29 Joules, Moon level
Splitting the Earth in half
You would need to overcome the Earth's gravitational binding energy, which would be 2.49×1032 J or Planet level.
Crushing Feats
Crushing a Golf Ball
Materials of Golf Ball
Energy Density of Materials
I will use compressive strength rather than shear since this is crushing the ball.
Polybutadiene = 2.35 MPa on average or 2.35 J/cc
Polyurethane = 7305.75 PSI = 50.37137309 MPa = 50.37137309 J/cc on average
Volume of Ball
The core of the ball is 3.75 cm in diameter. The ball itself can be no less than 4.267 cm in diameter.
The core would be 27.61 cc. The entire ball would be 40.68 cc. To find the volume of the cover, subtract the core volume from the entire volume to get 13.07 cc for the cover.
Energy to Crush Golf Ball
2.35*27.61 = 64.8835 joules for core
13.07*50.37137309 = 658.3538463 joules for cover
723.2373463 Joules in total, Peak Human level
Crushing a Human Skull
Skulls have been easily destroyed before by large caliber rounds varying from 12-gauge shotgun slugs (At least 2363 ft-lbs or 3204 J), .500 S&W Magnum hollow-point rounds (3000-3900 J) and .308 Winchester/7.62x51mm NATO rounds (Ranging from 3500 to 3700 J), all of which have muzzle energies at around 3000-3900 joules (Peak Human level).
Such damage is even possible with several types of elephant gun rounds (The examples used including the .375 H&H Magnum, .416 Rigby, .458 Lott, .460 Weatherby Magnum, .500 Jeffery, .470 Nitro Express, .500 Nitro Express, .600 Nitro Express and .700 Nitro Express).
Potential Energy/Lifting Feats
Snapping a Human Neck
The amount of force necessary to break a neck is around 1000-1250 lbf.
However, techniques can such as neck cranks can greatly reduce the lifting strength necessary through leverage and bodyweight application.
Object Destruction Feats
Destroying a Door
Standard size for a door is 203.2 cm tall, 91.44 cm wide, and 3.334 cm thick.
Volume = 61947.75 cm^3
Toughness value for wood is 0.67 j/cc
Toughness value for steel is 87.5 j/cc
Wood Door Formula is: ((Total Volume(V¹) * (Percentage reduction(V²)) * Fracture Toughness(F)
Percentage reduction assumed to be 70% if not shown or stated otherwise
((61947.75 cc) * (70%)) * (0.67 j/cc) = 2.905349475e4 Joules, Wall level
Steel Door
((61947.75 cc) * (70%)) * (87.5 j/cc) = 3.7942996875e6, Wall level
Destroying a Car
Mass and Weight of Materials
The EPA stated that an average vehicle produced in 2016 weighed, on average, 4,035 lbs. or 1830.245 kg
On average, 900 kg of steel is used in the making of a vehicle. or 49.1737444 % of the car.
as of 2015, The average vehicle uses 397 lbs of aluminum. or 180.076 kg at 9.838901349272913 % of the car.
The highest amount of copper used in an average conventional car is 49 lbs. or 22.226 kgat 1.2143729391420275 % of the car.
The amount of glass in an average vehicle is 100 lbs. or 45.3592 kg at 2.478313012738732% of the car
Plastic makes up 10% of the weight of a car. or 183.0245 kg
Tires are made up of 14% natural rubber and 27% synthetic rubber with an average weight of 25 lbs. or 11.3398 kg. 14% of the tires is 1.5875720000000002 kg. 27% is 3.0617460000000003 kg. Since there are 4 tirse we will time these numbers by 4. The total weight lf natural rubber is 6.350288 kg, or 0.3469638217834225 % of the car. The total weight of synthetic rubber is 12.246984 kg, or 0.6691445134394576% of the car.
The amount of cast iron in an average car is about 7.2%. or 131.77764000000002 kg.
Density of Materials
Steel = an average of 7.9 g/cm³
Aluminum = 2.7 g/cm³
Copper = 8.96 g/cm³
Glass = an average of 5 g/cm³
Plastic = and average of 2.235 g/cc (http://www.tregaltd.com/img/density%20of%20plastics[1].pdf)
Natural Rubber = 0.92 g/cm³
Synthetic Rubber = We will use polybutadiene since it is mostly used in car tires. 0.925 g/cm^3
Cast Iron = an average density of 7.3 g/cm³
Volume of Materials
Steel = 113,924.0506 cm³
Aluminum = 66,694.81481 cm³
Copper = 2,480.580357 cm³
Glass = 9,071.84 cm³
Plastic = 81,890.1566 cm³
Natural Rubber = 6,902.486957 cm³
Synthetic Rubber = 13239.9827 cm³
Cast Iron = 18,051.73151 cm³
Energy Formula is: ((Total Volume(V¹) * (Percentage reduction(V²)) * Fracture Toughness(F)
Percentage reduction assumed to be 70% if not shown or stated otherwise
Steel = 87.5 j/cc
((113924.0506 cc) * (70%)) * (87.5 j/cc) = 6.97784809925e6 Joules
Cast Iron = 40.7 J/cc
((18051.73151 cc) * (70%)) * (40.7 j/cc) = 5.142938307199e5 Joules
Glass = 0.35 J/cc
((9071.84 cc) * (70%)) * (0.35 j/cc) = 2.2226008e3 Joules
Aluminum = 0.327 J/cc
((66694.81481 cc) * (70%)) * (0.327 j/cc) = 1.5266443110009e4 Joules
Copper = 35 J/cc
((2480.580357 cc) * (70%)) * (35 j/cc) = 6.07742187465e4 Joules
Plastic = 0.29875 J/cc
((81890.1566 cc) * (70%)) * (0.29875 j/cc) = 1.7125278998975e4 Joules
Natural Rubber = 1.85 J/cc
((6902.486957 cc) * (70%)) * (1.85 j/cc) = 8.938720609315e3
Synthetic Rubber = 0.1825 J/cc
((13239.9827 cc) * (70%)) * (0.1825 j/cc) = 1.691407789925e3
Total Energy = 7.598160600024624e6 Joules, Wall level
Destroying a Tree
Volume of Tree
A white oak tree will be used since they are somewhat common and are not overly large.
White Oak = 30 m height, 1.27 meter diameter
Plugging this into the formula for volume of a cylinder since tree trunks are cylindrical = 38 m^3 or (3.8e+7 cc)
Toughness of Wood is 0/67 j/cc
Formula is: ((Total Volume(V¹) * (Percentage reduction(V²)) * Fracture Toughness(F)
Percentage reduction assumed to be 70% if not shown or stated otherwise
((3.8e+7 cc) * (70%)) * (0.67 j/cc) = 1.7822e7, Wall level
Destroying a Wrecking Ball
Volume of Ball
The weight of a wrecking ball ranges from 450 kg to 5400 kg and they are made of steel. We will use a middle ground of 2,925 kg.
Steel = density of 7.9 g/cc
2925/7.9 = 370.2531645569620253 cc
Energy to Destroy Wrecking Ball
Steel = 87.5 j/cc
Formula is: ((Total Volume(V¹) * (Percentage reduction(V²)) * Fracture Toughness(F)
Percentage reduction assumed to be 70% if not shown or stated otherwise
((370.2531645569620253 cc) * (70%)) * (87.5 j/cc) = 2.267800632911392404962e4, Wall level
Destroying a Barrel
Volume of Barrel
Barrels, when empty, weigh around 50 kg or 50,000 grams
Barrels are typically made of oak and steel hoops. Assuming the barrel is 90% wood and 10% steel. The density of white oak is 0.77 g/cc
Wood = 45000/0.77 = 58441.55844 cc
Steel = 5000/7.9 = 632.9113924 cc
Toughness of Wood = 0.67 j/cc
Toughness of Steel = 87.5 j/cc
Energy to Destroy Barrel
Some barrels are destroyed completely or just their wooden parts.
Whole Barrel:
Formula is: ((Total Volume(V¹) * (Percentage reduction(V²)) * Fracture Toughness(F)
Percentage reduction assumed to be 70% if not shown or stated otherwise
Steel = ((632.9113924 cc) * (70%)) * (87.5 j/cc) = 3.87658227845e4 joules
Wood = ((58441.55844 cc) * (70%)) * (0.67 j/cc) = 2.740909090836e4 joules
6.617491369286e4 joules
Wall level
Just the Wood:
Wood = ((58441.55844 cc) * (70%)) * (0.67 j/cc) = 2.740909090836e4 joules
Wall level
Destroying a Skyscraper
Destroying a Plane
4% Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) = 7320.98084 kg
13% Steel = 23793.1877 kg
81% Aluminium (2024-T3) = 148249.862 kg
Titanium Ti-6Al-4V = 4430 kg/m3
Steel = 7850 kg/m3
Aluminium 2024-T3 = 2780 kg/m3
Titanium = 1652591.61 cm3
Steel = 3030979.32 cm3
Aluminum = 53327288.5 cm3
Toughness =
Formula is: ((Total Volume(V¹) * (Percentage reduction(V²)) * Fracture Toughness(F)
Percentage reduction assumed to be 70% if not shown or stated otherwise
Titanium = 47.75 j/cc
((1652591.61 cc) * (70%)) * (47.75 j/cc) = 5.523787456425e7 Joules
Steel = 87.5 j/cc
((3030979.32 cc) * (70%)) * (87.5 j/cc) = 1.8564748335e8 Joules
Aluminum = 0.327 j/cc
((53327288.5 cc) * (70%)) * (0.327 j/cc) = 1.220661633765e7 Joules
Total Energy = 2.530919742519e8 Joules, Room level
Destroying a Table
Square table
They are between 36 to 44 inches in length. The average of that is 40 inches, or 101.6 cm.
Thickness of the table top ranges from 3/4 inches to 1 3/4 inches. I'll take the average again, 1.25 inches or 3.175 cm.
101.6*101.6*3.175 = 32 774.128 cm^3
This is a low-ball since it doesn't account for the table legs. Assuming the table is made out of wood, giving it a toughness value of 0.67 j/cc
Formula is: ((Total Volume(V¹) * (Percentage reduction(V²)) * Fracture Toughness(F)
Percentage reduction assumed to be 70% if not shown or stated otherwise
((32774.128 cc)* (70%)) * (0.67 j/cc) = 1.5371066032e4 Joules, Wall level
Rectangular table
36 to 40 inches wide, and 48 inches for a four-people table. I'll take 38 inches as the width.
48 inches is 121.92 cm. 38 inches is 96.25 cm. The thickness is 3.175 cm as said above.
121.92*96.25*3.175 = 37 257.99 cm^3
Formula is: ((Total Volume(V¹) * (Percentage reduction(V²)) * Fracture Toughness(F)
Percentage reduction assumed to be 70% if not shown or stated otherwise
((37257.99 cc) * (70%)) * (0.67 j/cc) = 1.747399731e4 Joules, Wall level
Round table
According to the same website above, round tables are around the same size as square tables. So let's say a diametre of 101.6 cm.
pi*(101.6/2)^2*3.175 = 25 740.74 cm^3
Formula is: ((Total Volume(V¹) * (Percentage reduction(V²)) * Fracture Toughness(F)
Percentage reduction assumed to be 70% if not shown or stated otherwise
((25740.74 cc) * (70%)) * (0.67 j/cc) = 1.207240706e4 Joules, Wall level
Shattering a Windshield
Normal glass
Danny Hamilton measured the windshield's dimensions to be 46 inches for the top length, 35 inches for height and 56.5 inches for bottom length. That's 116.84 cm, 88.9 cm and 143.51 cm.
Area of a trapezium is (a+b)/2*h
(116.84+143.51)/2*88.9 = 11 572.5575 cm^2
wikipedia:Laminated glass#Specifications
A typical laminated makeup is 2.5 mm glass, 0.38 mm interlayer, and 2.5 mm glass. This gives a final product that would be referred to as 5.38 laminated glass.
For the glass:
(11572.5575)*0.5 = 5786.27875 cm^3
Toughness value is 0.35 J/cc
Formula is: ((Total Volume(V¹) * (Percentage reduction(V²)) * Fracture Toughness(F)
Percentage reduction assumed to be 70% if not shown or stated otherwise
((5786.2787 cc) * (70%)) * (0.35 j/cc) = 1.4176382815e3 Joules
For the plastic layer:
(11572.5575)*0.038 = 439.757185 cm^3
Toughness value is 0.29875 J/cc
((439.757185 cc) * (70%)) * (0.29875 j/cc) = 91.964221313125 Joules
Total Energy = 1.509602502813125e3, Peak Human level
Blowing up Cannons
This is about blowing up 16th century cannons.
Density of cast iron is = 7.8 g/cm^3
9100000 g / 7.8 g/cm^3 = 1166666.667 cm^3 of iron
Grey cast iron has a toughness value of 40.7 j/cc.
Formula is: ((Total Volume(V¹) * (Percentage reduction(V²)) * Fracture Toughness(F)
Percentage reduction assumed to be 70% if not shown or stated otherwise
((1166666.667 cc) * (70%)) * (40.7 j/cc) = 3.323833334283e7 Joules or Wall level
Stars feats
Average Neutron Stars GBE
Gravitational Binding Energy Equation for stars is (3*G*M^2)/(r(5-n))
The average neutron star is 1.4 Solar Masses with a radius of 10 kilometers as stated here and there.
- Solar mass is 1.989 × 10^30 kilograms
- Mass of the average star is (1.4*1.989 × 10^30) kilograms
- Radius is 10000 meters.
- Assuming a n (which can go from 0.5 to 1) is 0.5
- G is a constant of 6.67408x10^-11
Calculation
- (3*6.67408*10^-11*((1.4*1.989 * 10^30))^2)/((5-0.5)*10000) = 3.4 × 1046 Joules (Star Cluster Level)
Black Hole Luminosity Feats
This is for the standard black hole luminosity.
Black Holes are at least 750,000 solar luminosities.
1 Solar Luminosity is equal to 3.826x26 Joules/s.
Converting this, the solar luminosity of a typical Black Hole is 2.8695e32 Joules. This gives us Planet level (note this is for luminosity).
GBE of a Black Hole
We'll use one end for the smallest known Black Hole and another end for the largest known Black Hole.
The smallest known black hole is 3.8 times the mass of the sun. It is known as XTE J1650-500.
The mass of the sun is 1.989 × 10^30 kg, making the smallest black hole 7.5582e30 kg.
XTE J1650-500's diameter is 23 km.
Using the gravitational binding calculator here.
GBE = (3Gm2)/5r
U = (3 G m^2)/(5 r) | U | gravitational binding energy m | mass r | radius G | Newtonian gravitational constant (≈ 6.674×10^-11 m^3/(kg s^2)) (gravitational binding energy of a uniform density sphere)
GBE = (3 * (6.674×10^-11 m^3/(kg s^2) * (7.5582e30 kg^2)/(5*(11500 m))
GBE = 1.989 * 1047 Joules or Star Cluster level
The largest known black hole is 66 billion times the Sun’s mass.
The mass of the sun is 1.989 × 10^30 kg, making the largest known black hole 1.31274e41 kg.
TON 618 has a diameter of 389.8 billion kilometers.
Using the gravitational binding calculator here.
GBE = (3Gm2)/5r
U = (3 G m^2)/(5 r) | U | gravitational binding energy m | mass r | radius G | Newtonian gravitational constant (≈ 6.674×10^-11 m^3/(kg s^2)) (gravitational binding energy of a uniform density sphere)
GBE = (3 * (6.674×10^-11 m^3/(kg s^2) * (1.31274e41 kg^2)/(5*(194900000000000 m))
GBE = 3.541 * 1057 Joules or Galaxy Cluster level.
Mass-energy Conversion Feats - Energy Constructs
The formula E = mc^2 is based off energy converted at the speed of light. Matter-energy conversion should only be used for a calculation if it is clearly stated that this is the progress used, as fiction usually handwaves this concept.
Mass-energy Conversion - The Tally
| Object | Mass (kg) | Energy (J) | Tier |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pistol round 28 gr. (1.8 g) SS195LF JHP | 0.0018 | 1.61773E+14 | Town |
| FN Five-seven pistol | 0.744 | 6.68663E+16 | City |
| 120mm Main Gun M829A3 ammo | 10 | 8.9874E+17 | Mountain |
| Rheinmetall 120mm Main Gun | 4507 | 4.05062E+20 | Island |
| Arrow | 0.018 | 1.61773E+15 | Town |
| Bow | 18.18181818 | 1.63407E+18 | Mountain+ |
| European Longsword | 1.4 | 1.25824E+17 | City |
| Sledgehammer | 9.1 | 8.17854E+17 | Metropolis |
| Boxing glove | 0.8 | 7.18992E+16 | City |
| Arm of a grown man | 3.534 | 3.17615E+17 | City |
| A grown human | 62 | 5.57219E+18 | Island |
| All grown man on Earth | 3.85E+11 | 3.46015E+28 | Multi-Continent |
| Theoretical mass of all life forms on Earth | 1.01835E+13 | 9.15232E+29 | Moon |
| Theoretical mass of all life forms in our universe | 3.05505E+35 | 2.7457E+52 | Solar System |
| Private car | 1311.363636 | 1.17858E+20 | Island |
| M1A2 SEPv2 Abrams | 64600 | 5.80586E+21 | Country |
| Our Moon | 7.342E+22 | 6.59855E+39 | Large Planet |
| Our Earth | 5.97237E+24 | 5.36761E+41 | Star |
| Our Sun | 1.9885E+30 | 1.78715E+47 | Star Cluster |
| Our Solar System | 1.99125E+30 | 1.78962E+47 | Star Cluster |
| Our galaxy - the Milky Way | 2.28674E+42 | 2.05519E+59 | Galaxy Cluster |
Note: Source for mass of all life forms on Earth
I assume there are 100*10^9 planets that has a similar mass of life forms on Earth, and 300*10^9 such galaxies in the universe.
Mass-energy Conversion - Quick application
1. Some novice magician created a longsword as an energy construct and is accepted as a mass-energy conversion feat.
Energy used = 1.25824E+17 J = 30072576.9 tons of TNT (City level)
2. Some crazy doomsday robot attempted to turn all Earth life forms into energy, which the hero and the rival/nemesis stopped.
Energy yield by the doomsday robot = 9.15232E+29 J = 2.18746E+20 tons of TNT (Moon level)
Energy countered by the hero and the rival/nemesis individually = 1.09373E+20 tons of TNT = 4.57616E+29 J (Moon level)
3. Some crazy cosmic tyrant snapped and decimated half of all life forms away into energy from the universe.
Energy possibly used = 50% * 2.7457E+52 J = 1.37285E+52 J = 3.28119E+42 tons of TNT (Solar System level)
Attacking a Person such that The Person Flew across a Distance before falling onto the Ground
We assume an average 2016 Japanese male at 25-29 is picked.
The target weighs at 66.82 kg and stands at 1.7185 m.
To make a target fall, the center of gravity is likely falling from roughly half his own height to roughly ground floor.
Height to fall = 1.7185/2 = 0.85925 m
By PE to KE formula, mgh = 0.5 m v^2
(9.81)(0.85925) = (0.5) v^2
v = ((2)(9.81)(0.85925))^0.5 = 4.105908547
time to fall to this speed = 4.105908547 / 9.81 = 0.418543175 s
Now, the kinetic energy from the yield of an attack should 1-to-1 scale to the target hit who flies at a distance before hitting the ground - in 0.418543175 s.
AP of an attack = Kinetic energy carried by the target = 0.5 x mass x (velocity)^2
The table below lists out the enrgy required to send a person flying at a speed across a distance using the Newtonian energy model.
| Range (m) | Speed (m/s) | Speed (Mach) | Energy in Joules | Energy in Tons of TNT | Tier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.5 | 1.194619886 | 0.003482857 | 47.679968 | 1.13958E-08 | Below Average human |
| 0.724105801 | 1.730062379 | 0.005043914 | 100 | 2.39006E-08 | Average human |
| 0.75 | 1.791929829 | 0.005224285 | 107.279928 | 2.56405E-08 | Average human |
| 1 | 2.389239772 | 0.006965714 | 190.719872 | 4.55831E-08 | Athletic Human |
| 1.024040244 | 2.446677679 | 0.007133171 | 200 | 4.78011E-08 | Athletic Human+ |
| 1.254188037 | 2.99655594 | 0.008736315 | 300 | 7.17017E-08 | Peak Human |
| 1.5 | 3.583859657 | 0.01044857 | 429.119712 | 1.02562E-07 | Peak Human |
| 2 | 4.778479543 | 0.013931427 | 762.8794879 | 1.82333E-07 | Peak Human |
| 2.092715875 | 5 | 0.014577259 | 835.25 | 1.9963E-07 | Peak Human |
| 3.222782448 | 7.7 | 0.02244898 | 1980.8789 | 4.73441E-07 | Peak Human |
| 4.101723116 | 9.8 | 0.028571429 | 3208.6964 | 7.66897E-07 | Peak Human |
| 5.23597512 | 12.51 | 0.036472303 | 5228.668341 | 1.24968E-06 | Peak Human |
| 6 | 14.33543863 | 0.041794282 | 6865.915391 | 1.64099E-06 | Peak Human |
| 6.333339138 | 15.13186576 | 0.044116227 | 7650 | 1.82839E-06 | Bone |
| 8.868448661 | 21.18885025 | 0.061775074 | 15000 | 3.58509E-06 | Wall |
| 10 | 23.89239772 | 0.069657136 | 19071.9872 | 4.55831E-06 | Wall |
| 14.3560309 | 34.3 | 0.1 | 39306.5309 | 9.39449E-06 | Wall |
| 50 | 119.4619886 | 0.348285681 | 476799.68 | 0.000113958 | Wall |
| 71.78015452 | 171.5 | 0.5 | 982663.2725 | 0.000234862 | Wall |
| 100 | 238.9239772 | 0.696571362 | 1907198.72 | 0.000455831 | Wall |
| 129.2042781 | 308.7 | 0.9 | 3183829.003 | 0.000760953 | Wall |
| 143.560309 | 343 | 1 | 3930653.09 | 0.000939449 | Wall |
| 157.91634 | 377.3 | 1.1 | 4756090.239 | 0.001136733 | Wall |
| 234.2736864 | 559.7360091 | 1.631883408 | 10467500 | 0.002501793 | Wall |
| 331.19431 | 791.3026175 | 2.307004716 | 20920000 | 0.005 | Wall |
| 358.9007726 | 857.5 | 2.5 | 24566581.81 | 0.005871554 | Wall |
| 500 | 1194.619886 | 3.48285681 | 47679968 | 0.011395786 | Wall |
| 717.8015452 | 1715 | 5 | 98266327.25 | 0.023486216 | Room |
| 1000 | 2389.239772 | 6.96571362 | 190719872 | 0.045583143 | Room |
| 1435.60309 | 3430 | 10 | 393065309 | 0.093944864 | Room |
| 1672.449284 | 3995.882346 | 11.64980276 | 533460000 | 0.1275 | Room |
| 2341.897425 | 5595.354468 | 16.31298679 | 1046000000 | 0.25 | Small Building |
| 3589.007726 | 8575 | 25 | 2456658181 | 0.587155397 | Small Building |
| 4967.914649 | 11869.53926 | 34.60507073 | 4707000000 | 1.125 | Small Building |
| 5000 | 11946.19886 | 34.8285681 | 4767996800 | 1.139578585 | Small Building |
| 6623.886199 | 15826.05235 | 46.14009431 | 8368000000 | 2 | Small Building |
| 7178.015452 | 17150 | 50 | 9826632725 | 2.348621588 | Small Building |
| 9264.4532 | 22135.00005 | 64.53352784 | 16369504368 | 3.912405442 | Small Building+ |
| 10000 | 23892.39772 | 69.6571362 | 19071987198 | 4.55831434 | Small Building |
| 11941.38067 | 28530.82162 | 83.18023795 | 27196000000 | 6.5 | Building |
| 14356.0309 | 34300 | 100 | 39306530900 | 9.394486353 | Large Building |
| 14811.45982 | 35388.12887 | 103.1723874 | 41840000000 | 11 | City Block |
| 34893.48575 | 83368.90391 | 243.0580289 | 2.32212E+11 | 55.5 | City Block |
| 46837.94849 | 111907.0894 | 326.2597357 | 4.184E+11 | 100 | City Block |
| 50000 | 119461.9886 | 348.285681 | 4.768E+11 | 113.9578585 | City Block |
| 100000 | 238923.9772 | 696.571362 | 1.9072E+12 | 455.831434 | City Block |
| 109844.7259 | 262445.3878 | 765.1469031 | 2.3012E+12 | 550 | City Block |
| 143560.309 | 343000 | 1000 | 3.93065E+12 | 939.4486353 | City Block |
| 148114.5982 | 353881.2887 | 1031.723874 | 4.184E+12 | 1000 | City Block |
| 273109.8245 | 652524.8547 | 1902.404824 | 1.42256E+13 | 3400 | City Block |
| 356707.1885 | 852259.0015 | 2484.720121 | 2.42672E+13 | 5800 | City Block |
| 500000 | 1194619.886 | 3482.85681 | 4.768E+13 | 11395.78585 | Town |
| 1000000 | 2389239.772 | 6965.71362 | 1.9072E+14 | 45583.1434 | Town |
| 1077272.815 | 2573863.055 | 7503.973922 | 2.21334E+14 | 52900 | Town |
| 1255629.525 | 3000000 | 8746.355685 | 3.0069E+14 | 71866.6348 | Town |
| 1481145.982 | 3538812.887 | 10317.23874 | 4.184E+14 | 100000 | Town |
| 3473595.227 | 8299251.868 | 24196.06958 | 2.3012E+15 | 550000 | Town |
| 4683794.849 | 11190708.94 | 32625.97357 | 4.184E+15 | 1000000 | City |
| 6371000 | 15221846.58 | 44378.56147 | 7.74125E+15 | 1850203.426 | City |
The table below lists out the energy required to send a person flying at a speed across a distance using the relativistic energy model.
| Range (m) | Speed (m/s) | Speed (Mach) | Energy in Joules | Energy in Tons of TNT | Tier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1255629.525 | 3000000 | 8746.355685 | 3.00713E+14 | 71872.03271 | Town |
| 1481145.982 | 3538812.887 | 10317.23874 | 4.18444E+14 | 100010.4517 | Town |
| 3473595.227 | 8299251.868 | 24196.06958 | 2.30252E+15 | 550316.3282 | Town |
| 4683794.849 | 11190708.94 | 32625.97357 | 4.18838E+15 | 1001046.261 | City |
| 6371000 | 15221846.58 | 44378.56147 | 7.75625E+15 | 1853788.582 | City |
One thing: I include a dataset for a distance of 9264.4532 m as the farthest horizon a human eye can see. Working:
Average US human height = (1.753 + 1.615)/2 = 1.684 m
Earth mean radius = 6371000 m
For two identical human to see each other at a distance, the farthest distance the one would travel away from the other standing still yet seeing each other can see each other = Arc(G1-M-G2) = 2 times Arc(G1-M)
G1-M = OM * angle(G1-O-M)
cos(angle(G1-O-M))= OM / (H1-G1 + G1-O) = 6371000 / (6371000 + 1.684)
angle(G1-O-M) = 0.00072708 rad
Arc(G1-M-G2) = 4632.2266 * 2 = 9264.4532 m
| Picture |
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Miscellaneous Feats
Throwing a Person to the Horizon
Another common gag in fiction is that a person is punched/thrown so hard they reach the horizon/they fly out of sight.
On a normal day the visibility is usually 20 km.
Since an angle of 45 degrees requires the least force, that will be used as a low-ball.
Range of trajectory formula for 45 degrees angle is R = V^2/g. So now we can extract initial velocity from it: V = sqrt(R*g).
V = sqrt(20000*9.81) = 442.95 m/s
KE = 70*442.95^2*0.5 = 6.8671645875e6 Joules, Wall level
Throwing a Person above the Clouds
Cloud height is usually 2000 m.
Formula is (close to earth): initial speed = sqrt(2*9.81*peak height). So in this case sqrt(2*9.81*2000) = 198 m/s
Using 70 kg for the human weight: 0.5*70* 198^2 = 1.37214e6 Joules, Wall level
Punching a Hole through Doors
The average surface area of a human fist is 25 cm^2. The standard thickness of a door is 1 3/8 inches or 3.4925 centimeters or 42.599965203125. 87.3125 cc. Toughness of wood is 0.67 j/cc.
Wood Door
Formula is: ((Total Volume(V¹) * (Percentage reduction(V²)) * Fracture Toughness(F)
Percentage reduction assumed to be 70% if not shown or stated otherwise
((42.599965203125 cc) * (70%)) * (0.67 j/cc) = 19.979383680265625 Joules, Subhuman level
Steel Door
Toughness value of steel is 87.5 j/cc.
((42.599965203125 cc) * (70%)) * (87.5 j/cc) = 2.60924786869140625e3 Joules, Peak Human level
Punching through a Wall
Walls are 3/4 inch thick. That's 1.905 cm.
The human fist is 25 cm^2.
25 cm^2*1.905 = 47.625 cm^3
Wood Wall
((6.913292625 cc) * (70%)) * (0.67 j/cc) = 3.242334241125 Joules, Subhuman level
Steel Wall
((6.913292625 cc) * (70%)) * (87.5 j/cc) = 423.43917328125 Joules, Peak Human level
